diff --git a/content/blog/使用归纳法证明二项式定理.md b/content/blog/使用归纳法证明二项式定理.md index ca64bd0..b07e02e 100644 --- a/content/blog/使用归纳法证明二项式定理.md +++ b/content/blog/使用归纳法证明二项式定理.md @@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ $$ 试图使左右两边相等,需要使得左边分母为$k!(n+1-k)!$,所以通分得: $$ -\begin{align} +\begin{aligned} & \frac{n!}{(k-1)!(n-k+1)!} + \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} \\ &= \frac{n!k}{k!(n-k+1)!} + \frac{n!(n-k+1)}{k!(n-k+1)!} \\ &= \frac{n!k+n!(n-k+1)}{k!(n-k+1)!} \\ &= \frac{n!(n+1)}{k!(n-k+1)!} \\ &= \frac{(n+1)!}{k!(n+1-k)!} \\ -&= \binom{n+1}{k}. \tag*{$\blacksquare$} -\end{align} +&= \binom{n+1}{k}. \hfill \blacksquare +\end{aligned} $$ 随后证明二项式定理 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ $$(a+b)^0 = 1 = \sum_{k=0}^{0}\binom{0}{k}a^{0-k}b^k = a^0b^0.$$ 故$P_0$得证. 接下来,假设$P_n$成立,验证$P_{n+1}$是否成立: $$ -\begin{align} +\begin{aligned} & (a+b)^{n+1} \\ &= (a+b)(a+b)^n \\ &= (a+b) \sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k} a^{n-k}b^k \\ @@ -51,35 +51,35 @@ $$ &= \sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k} a^{n+1-k}b^k + \sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k} a^{n-k}b^{k+1} \\ &= a^{n+1} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n}{k} a^{n+1-k}b^k + b^{n+1} + \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \binom{n}{k} a^{n-k}b^{k+1} \\ &= a^{n+1} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n}{k} a^{n+1-k}b^k + b^{n+1} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n}{k-1} a^{n-(k-1)}b^{(k-1)+1}. \\ -\end{align} +\end{aligned} $$ 注意到这里,我们给$\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \binom{n}{k} a^{n-k}b^{k+1}$更换索引为$\sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n}{k-1} a^{n-(k-1)}b^{(k-1)+1}$,观察易得这两个式子是相等的(坦诚地说,我第一次学的时候并没有观察出来). 继续进行变换: $$ -\begin{align} +\begin{aligned} & a^{n+1} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n}{k} a^{n+1-k}b^k + b^{n+1} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n}{k-1} a^{n-(k-1)}b^{(k-1)+1}. \\ &= a^{n+1} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n}{k} a^{n+1-k}b^k + b^{n+1} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n}{k-1} a^{n+1-k}b^{k}. \\ &= a^{n+1} + b^{n+1} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \left[ \binom{n}{k} + \binom{n}{k-1} \right] a^{n+1-k}b^{k} . -\end{align} +\end{aligned} $$ 利用一开始证得的引理,即有 $$ -\begin{align} +\begin{aligned} & a^{n+1} + b^{n+1} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \left[ \binom{n}{k} + \binom{n}{k-1} \right] a^{n+1-k}b^{k} \\ &= a^{n+1} + b^{n+1} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n+1}{k} a^{n+1-k}b^{k} \\ &= \sum_{k=0}^{n+1} \binom{n+1}{k} a^{n+1-k}b^{k}. -\end{align} +\end{aligned} $$ 所以, $$ -\begin{align} -(a+b)^{n+1} = \sum_{k=0}^{n+1} \binom{n+1}{k} a^{n+1-k}b^{k}. \tag*{$\blacksquare$} -\end{align} +\begin{aligned} +(a+b)^{n+1} = \sum_{k=0}^{n+1} \binom{n+1}{k} a^{n+1-k}b^{k}. \hfill \blacksquare +\end{aligned} $$ 虽然在这里写得洋洋洒洒,但是说实话,在下天资愚钝,第一次见到这个证明,还是没那么容易理解的. 而且很有可能,现在证得出来,将来某天就会忘掉. 所以数学的学习是一个不断积累的过程,现在吃下的每一口,将来都会成长为构成身体的肌肉和骨骼.